Domestic Violence Intervention with Women in Crisis Essay

Domestic Violence Intervention 1 RUNNING HEAD: DOMESTIC VIOLENCE: INTERVENTION WITH WOMEN IN CRISIS Domestic Violence: Intervention with Women in Crisis COUN 604 - Crisis Counseling Liberty University DLP December 17, 2009 Domestic Violence Intervention 2 Abstract Domestic Violence is a crisis that many families have experienced. Women are often caught off guard and are unprepared for the series of battering to occur; they may be unsure of how to proceed and what they will do if they decide to leave. Crisis affects each woman differently. An individual’s personal, material, and social resources impact how a person will respond to a crisis. The individual’s resources also impact how long the person will be going through†¦show more content†¦The seven phases of crisis are: the precipitating event, perception, disorganized response, seeking new and unusual resources, a chain of events (which may cause another crisis), previous crises linking to current crisis, and mobilization of new resources/adaptation. Crises usually last from four to six weeks. During that time, early intervention and problem solving is very important to prevent a breakdown in relationships and the ability to function normally (Gentry, 1994, p. 5). When crisis intervention begins, it is important for the crisis worker to be sensitive to the cultural diversity of the individual. The counselor should be sensitive to cultural backgrounds, alternative lifestyles, people with disabilities, and religious differences (Kanel, 2007, p. 38). Equally important, the crisis worker needs to be familiar with the various norms and traditions specific to the individual so that they are able to help without the client feeling disrespected or offended. The counselor should be able to help the individual without revealing any bias or judgment toward the person or his or her lifestyle. It is important for the counselor and the individual in crisis to make a connection so that they will be able to work cohesively towards resolving the crisis. Many models of crisis intervention exist. Three models were chosen as catalyst for the P.R.O.V.E. Model for intimate-partner abuse which will be used in crisis intervention for women who are victims of do mesticShow MoreRelatedDomestic Violence : The United States Essay1405 Words   |  6 Pagesof Domestic Violence, after one year more than ten million men and women become a victim of domestic violence. Every year someone new becomes a victim. Every year someone gets physically harmed or even death. Every year someone finds freedom from domestic violence. Domestic violence is an act which one individual purposely harms another, usually someone they are close with, in order to please themselves or to get what they want out of it. Many American’s do not believe that domestic violence isRead MoreHomelessness Is A Prevalent And Progressive Issue Within Australia Essay1445 Words   |  6 PagesHealth Assignment Homelessness is a prevalent and progressive issue within Australia that is particularly susceptible to women and children. The homeless are a hidden minority of people with limited access to government and agency resources. The experiences of homelessness often results in the loss of basic determinants of health such as a substantial home, food or education. The National Health Care facility defines homelessness as more than just ‘sleeping rough’. Contrary to popular belief, homelessnessRead MoreSmeet Shah. Engl 1100-25. For: Lynda Daneliuk. April 10Th,1675 Words   |  7 Pagesworld. Violence that occurs in any relationship which is romantic in nature and in which one partner seeks to dominate the other partner is called the spousal abuse. This type of abuse occurs in husband-wife relationship, relationship between the partners who are dating each other, with common law spouses and same sex relationships. There are certain ways in which one can be a victim of this abus e like emotionally, financially, verbally, sexually, psychologically or physically. Both men and women canRead MoreDomestic Violence : An Individual Crisis815 Words   |  4 PagesDomestic violence is not merely an individual crisis, but a social crisis. â€Å"Domestic violence is a burden on numerous sectors of the social system and quietly, yet dramatically, affects the development of a nation. Batterers cost nations fortunes in terms of law enforcement, health care, lost labor and general progress in development. These costs do not only affect the present generation; what begins as an assault by one person on another, reverberates through the family and the community into theRead MoreDomestic Violence And Its Effects Essay772 Words   |  4 PagesWhat is domestic violence? Domestic Violence is a violent confrontation between family or household members involving physical harm, sexual assault, or fear of physical harm. Family or household members can be spouse/ex-spouses, those in or formerly in a dating relationship, adults, related by blood or marriage, and those who have a biological or legal parent-child relationship. The batterers uses acts of violence and series of behaviors, including intimidation, threats, psychological abuse, andRead MoreAll Agencies Essay1117 Words   |  5 PagesSummer List on All Agencies Anna’s House is a services women who have been abused mentally, physically, or emotionally, or loss of employment, or severe financial challenges. They provide supportive service, shelters, transitional shelter, and emergency shelter for family that don’t have shelter (all gender accepted) To be able to receive services from Anna’s House patient must be referred by SARC (Sexual Assault Spouse Abuse Resort Center) or by the Harford Community Action Agency). Family andRead MoreThe Situation Of The Social Problem Essay1226 Words   |  5 Pagessituation of the social problem Nowadays, domestic and family violence is still considered as a severe and non-neglected social issue. It badly ruins the families. The cases of domestic violence have been dramatically increased during the past few years. Compared to 2009-2010, it is announced that the number of domestic violence occurred was double in 2013-2014 in Victoria alone. ABS also reported that the population of Australia who experienced domestic violence was about 100,000 in 2006 (St VincentRead MoreCommunity Intervention Against Domestic Abuse899 Words   |  4 PagesDaniella Salawu Shalva: Community Intervention Against Domestic Abuse Shalva organization is an ongoing community invention organization in Chicago. It is working to effect social change for domestic abused women in Jewish communities. Domestic abuse (also known as spousal abuse) is when a partner in an intimate relationship manipulate the other partner by a systematic pattern of coercive behavior. There are multiple forms of domestic abuse such as verbal, emotional, financial, sexual, physical,Read MoreDomestic Violence Intervention Project : Ellen Pence1543 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Ellen Pence, also known as the â€Å"mother of domestic violence intervention† and â€Å"rockstar of the battered women’s movement† was a social activist for battered women, helped build the foundation of batterer programming with the Duluth model (also known as the Domestic Abuse Intervention Project (DAIP)), which assisted in connecting the concerns of criminal justice officials and advocates by developing a â€Å"Power and Control Wheel† (Gondolf, 2010, p. 992). She also created the CoordinatedRead MoreDomestic Violence Is A Serious Social Issue1546 Words   |  7 PagesDomestic violence is a serious social issue, yet often overlooked by society due to insufficient knowledge and misconceptions. It has prevailed for years, and current interventions have not succeeded in eliminating it. One of the biggest myths is that: â€Å"Domestic violence is not common,† while in reality, the number of domestic violence incidents annually ranges from 960,000 to 3 million (Collins et al 169.) According to Maryland Network Against Domestic Violence, it is believed to be the most common

Analysis Of The Kite Runner By Khaled Hosseini - 789 Words

â€Å"The Kite Runner† by Khaled Hosseini, is the complex story about a father and a son who struggled to find common ground. Amir was a conflicted boy trying to find his place while in search of redemption. He believed his father; Baba disliked him because his birth was the reason his mother passed. While Amir’s father favored the son of their family servant, Hassan. Amir’s friendship with Hassan was genuine until a tragic event Amir witnessed of Hassan and Amir did not step in to help. That crime against Hassan changed Amir for the worse, something he could never let go of throughout his life. Amir moved through life questioning his purpose not knowing if he would ever win his fathers total approval. Amir believed this father wanted him to†¦show more content†¦Baba worked extra hours at the construction site to build an orphanage, often leaving his own son alone at home with the servants. Something Amir would resent him for doing. Other times, Baba would entertain guess but sent Amir away claiming it was â€Å"grown up time†. He then told him go read his books. Baba also told Amir, real men don’t read books but instead play sports. Baba took pride in how himself as a child was tough and not afraid to pushback. A quality he believed Amir did not have. Amir and Hassan spent their time watching movies together, flying kites and listening to Amir’s stories. Hassan did not feel as smart at Amir, but he knew how to stand up for himself. He carried a slingshot with him as a weapon and made threats to kids to leave him and Amir alone. Hassan’s other talents included chasing kites that got cut by another, and by following the shadow. Hassan had won Baba’s heart because he was actually Baba’s son. Something that Amir never knew until he was an adult. At one of the kite flying events, Hassan put himself in a terrible position and was raped. This event triggered Amir to feel guilty. He watched his friend get treated like a wild animal in control by three boys. Amir could see the fear in Hassan’s eyes but Amir did not react. Even at this low moment in Hassan’s life, he still went out of this to make sure his friend Amir had the losing kite to take home to his father. He was always putting Amir first b ecause he was loyal. This was aShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Kite Runner By Khaled Hosseini1422 Words   |  6 PagesPranav Dantu Mr. Bal Honors English 10 20 December 2017 The Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini Summary: The Kite Runner is a historical fiction novel written by Khaled Hosseini. The novel is written in a first-person point of view tracing the journey of redemption of an Afghan native named Amir. Amir grows up wealthy and privileged by Afghan standards and is surrounded mostly by his father and his friend, Hassan. Hassan was a less fortunate boy who belonged to the lower caste of the Afghanis, the HazarasRead MoreAnalysis Of The Kite Runner By Khaled Hosseini1475 Words   |  6 Pageschildhood experiences, or just how we think as individuals. Author of The Kite Runner, Khaled Hosseini, is no exception to this as he reveals his fragile transformation of who he has become, growing up as a boy in 1965’s Kabul, Afghanistan. In this novel, the author captivates the true Afghan culture beyond the single story and gives us genuine insight into what has shaped him into the man he has become today. Khaled Hosseini uses these intimate relationships built between his family, culture, andRe ad MoreAnalysis Of Khaled Hosseini s The Kite Runner 1256 Words   |  6 PagesWhen, you could call yourself the superior one, just because of the unfortunate misinterpretation of the society of power, as greatness. That is when one realizes that the abuse of power has ensued. Several instances in the novel, ‘The Kite Runner’, by Khaled Hosseini, occur where authority has been mistaken for enormity. Baba s expectations out of Amir and his tactics of dominance towards making Amir into someone he desires, is the power, mistook as magnitude. Also, the element that baba was sexuallyRead MoreAnalysis Of Khaled Hosseini s The Kite Runner Essay1177 Words   |  5 PagesWith No Name (Yet) â€Å"As long as there is love and memory, there is no true death† (Cassandra Clare, Lady Midnight). In Khaled Hosseini’s The Kite Runner, this quote is proven to be true through the character of Hassan. Hassan s character and memory are kept alive through both the physicality and actions of his son, Sohrab, and his best friend and half-brother, Amir. Hosseini describes Hassan as having a perfectly round face, a face like a Chinese doll chiseled from hardwood: his flat, broadRead MoreAnalysis Of Khaled Hosseini s The Kite Runner 1019 Words   |  5 Pagesknows just how hard it is to forgive yourself in The Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini. When Amir makes the decision to not speak up about Hassan he felt so much guilt that he wanted Hassan and Ali to leave, he regretted it instantly. Years later, Rahim khan called Amir and asked him to come back to Afghanistan where he found out Hassan was his half-brother. Amir finally forgave himself when he found a way to make up for his mistakes. Hosseini portrays Amir as a morally ambiguous character by his guiltRead MoreAnalysis Of Khaled Hosseini s The Kite Runner 2073 Words   |  9 Pages When you were a child, do you remember ever making a promise to be loyal to a friend? Maybe you exchanged cute heart necklaces or pendants or carved your names into a tree. In Khaled Hosseini s The Kite Runner, two kids, Amir, and Hassan seem to have a strong friendship, represented in their names carved into a pomegranate tree. However, Amir reveals weakness in their friendship when he betrays Hassan by not intervening when the town bully, Assef, sexually assaults Hassan. In Mindset: The New PsychologyRead MoreAnalysis Of Khaled Hosseini s The Kite Runner 966 Words   |  4 PagesMarch 2015 Like Father Like Son Khaled Hosseini, the author of The Kite Runner, uses irony repeatedly throughout the novel. Amir, the protagonist faces the unintended consequences from his actions. These situations are often ironic as they are the complete opposite of what Amir intended to do. Through the use of irony, Khaled Hosseini reveals the hidden similarities between fathers and sons, thus creating more emotion, value, and meaning to the novel. On the day of the kite tournament, Amir hopes bringingRead MoreAnalysis Of Khaled Hosseini s The Kite Runner 1230 Words   |  5 PagesHaunting Desires In Khaled Hosseini’s novel The Kite Runner, father son relationships, specifically that of Amir and Baba, contribute to the development of the plot as well as the development of the characters involved. It is evident throughout the novel that Amir’s sole desire is to obtain Baba’s love and acceptance. However, this desire ultimately motivates him to enact rash decisions that will haunt him in the future. What Amir does not know is that Baba is also secretly the father of HassanRead MoreAnalysis Of Khaled Hosseini s The Kite Runner 1516 Words   |  7 PagesAdrian Zialcita Mrs. Sheffield English 1A 10/30/15 All for One and None for All According to Merriam Webster, being selfish is â€Å"to have or show concern for only yourself and not for the needs or feelings of other people.† In Khaled Hosseini’s book, The Kite Runner, the character Amir goes through numerous hardships throughout the story. To overcome those challenges, he performs acts that directly caused harm to the other characters in the book. Most of the time, the struggles that Amir passesRead MoreAnalysis Of Khaled Hosseini s The Kite Runner 1017 Words   |  5 Pages Kite Runner Comparison Essay In Khaled Hosseini’s The Kite Runner, several major themes arise. One of the most pronounced theme is the idea of redemption for ones past wrongdoings. The protagonist, a wealthy envious Afghan boy named Amir, retells the traumatic story of his childhood. Once readers learn of his past, they realize the issues he experienced and the events that came into play in the forming of the plots format, from one meaningful quote Hassan says â€Å" for you a thousand times over†

Hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh Free Essays

string(41) " movie location and tourist destination\."  «  » ? ? Chicago : 3 ?- ? : , ?. ?. -- 2009 Contents. We will write a custom essay sample on Hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh or any similar topic only for you Order Now History 3 1. 1 First settlers 1. 2 Infrastructure and regional development 1. 3 Chicago Fire 1. 4 20th century 2 Geography 6 2. 1 Topography 2. 2 Climate 3 Cityscape. Architecture 8 4 Culture and contemporary life 9 4. Entertainment and performing arts 4. 2 Tourism 4. 3 Parks 4. 4 Sports 4. 5 Media 5 Economy 13 6 Demographics 15 7 Law and government 16 8 Education 17 References. 19 1. History. 1. 1. First settlers During the mid. 8th century the area was inhabited by a native American tribe known as the Potawatomis, who had taken the place of the Miami and Sauk and Fox peoples. The first permanent settler in Chicago, Haitian Jean Baptiste Pointe du Sable, arrived in the 1770s, married a Potawatomi woman, and founded the area’s first trading post. In 1803 the United States Army built Fort Dearborn, which was destroyed in the 1812 Fort Dearborn massacre. The Ottawa, Ojibwa, and Potawatomi later ceded the land to the United States in the 1816 Treaty of St. Louis. On Augus t 12, 1833, the Town of Chicago was organized with a population of 350. Within seven years it grew to a population of over 4,000. The City of Chicago was incorporated on March 4, 1837. The name â€Å"Chicago† is the French rendering of the Miami-Illinois name shikaakwa, meaning â€Å"wild leek. †[1] The sound shikaakwa in Miami-Illinois literally means ‘striped skunk’, and was a reference to wild leek, or the smell of onions. The name initially applied to the river, but later came to denote the site of the city. 1. 2. Infrastrukture and regional development The city began its step toward regional primacy as an important transportation hub between the eastern and western United States. Chicago’s first railway, Galena and Chicago Union Railroad, opened in 1838, which also marked the opening of the Illinois and Michigan Canal. The canal allowed steamboats and sailing ships on the Great Lakes to connect to the Mississippi River. A flourishing economy brought residents from rural communities and immigrants abroad. Manufacturing and retail sectors became dominant among Midwestern cities, influencing the American economy, particularly in meatpacking, with the advent of the refrigerated rail car and the regional centrality of the city’s Union Stock Yards. 3] In February 1856, the Chesbrough plan for the building of Chicago’s and the United States’ first comprehensive sewerage system was approved by the Common Council. [2] The project raised much of central Chicago to a new grade. Untreated sewage and industrial waste now flowed into the Chicago River, thence into Lake Michigan, polluting the primary source of fresh water for the city. The city responded by tunneling two miles (3 km) out into Lake Michigan to newly built water cribs. In 1900, the problem of sewage was largely resolved when Chicago reversed the flow of the river, a process that began with the construction and improvement of the Illinois and Michigan Canal and completed with the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal leading to the Illinois River which joins the Mississippi River. 1. 3. Chicago Fire After the Great Chicago Fire of 1871 destroyed a third of the city, including the entire central business district, Chicago experienced rapid rebuilding and growth. [4]During its rebuilding period, Chicago constructed the world’s first skyscraper in 1885, using steel-skeleton construction. Labor conflicts and unrest followed, including the Haymarket affair on May 4, 1886. Concern for social problems among Chicago’s lower classes led Jane Addams to be a co-founder of Hull House in 1889. Programs developed there became a model for the new field of social work. The city also invested in many large, well-landscaped municipal parks, which also included public sanitation facilities. [pic] 1. 4. 20th century The 1920s brought notoriety to Chicago as gangsters, including the notorious Al Capone, battled each other and law enforcement on the city streets during the Prohibition era. The 1920s also saw a major expansion in industry. The availability of jobs attracted African Americans from the South. Arriving in the tens of thousands during the Great Migration, the newcomers had an immense cultural impact. It was during this wave that Chicago became a center for jazz, with King Oliver leading the way. [5] In 1933, Mayor Anton Cermak was assassinated while in Miami with President Franklin D. Roosevelt. In the late summer of 1942, during World War II, Chicago held a practice black-out. According to one witness, â€Å"the sirens sounded, the lights went out while airplanes flew overhead to spot violators†. After about 30 minutes the beacon on top of the Palmolive Building came back on and the lights were quickly restored. [5] On December 2, 1942, physicist Enrico Fermi conducted the world’s first controlled nuclear reaction at the University of Chicago as part of the top-secret Manhattan Project. Mayor Richard J. Daley was elected in 1955, in the era of machine politics. Starting in the 1960s, many residents left the city for the suburbs, taking out the heart of many neighborhoods, leaving impoverished and disadvantaged citizens behind. Structural changes in industry caused heavy losses of jobs for lower skilled workers. In 1966 James Bevel, Martin Luther King Jr. , and Al Raby led the Chicago Open Housing Movement, which culminated in agreements between Mayor Richard J. Daley and the movement leaders. Two years later, the city hosted the tumultuous 1968 Democratic National Convention, which featured physical confrontations both inside and outside the convention hall, including full-scale riots, or in some cases police riots, in city streets. Major construction projects, including the Sears Tower (which in 1974 became the world’s tallest building), McCormick Place, and O’Hare Airport, were undertaken during Richard J. Daley’s tenure. When he died, Michael Anthony Bilandic was mayor for three years. His loss in a primary election has been attributed to the city’s inability to properly plow city streets during a heavy snowstorm. In 1979, Jane Byrne, the city’s first female mayor, was elected. She popularized the city as a movie location and tourist destination. You read "Hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh" in category "Papers" In 1983 Harold Washington became the first African American to be elected to the office of mayor, in one of the closest mayoral elections in Chicago. After Washington won the Democratic primary, racial motivations caused a few Democratic alderman and ward committeemen to back the Republican candidate Bernard Epton, who ran on the slogan Before it’s too late, a thinly veiled appeal to fear. [10] Washington’s term in office saw new attention given to poor and minority neighborhoods. His administration reduced the longtime dominance of city contracts and employment by ethnic whites. Washington died in office of a heart attack in 1987, shortly after being elected to a second term. Current mayor Richard M. Daley, son of the late Richard J. Daley, was elected in 1989. He has led many progressive changes to the city, including improving parks; creating incentives for sustainable development, including green roofs; and major new developments. Since the 1990s, the city has undergone a revitalization in which some lower class neighborhoods have been transformed as new middle class residents have settled in the city. In 2008, the city earned the title of â€Å"City of the Year† from GQ for contributions in architecture and literature, a renaissance in the world of politics and downtown’s starring role in the Batman movie The Dark Knight. 6] 2. Geography 2. 1. Topography Chicago is located in northeastern Illinois at the southwestern tip of Lake Michigan. It sits on the continental divide at the site of the Chicago Portage, connecting the Mississippi River and the Great Lakes watersheds. The city lies beside Lake Michigan, and two rivers — the Chicago River in downtown and the Calumet River in the industr ial far South Side — flow entirely or partially through Chicago. The Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal connects the Chicago River with the Des Plaines River, which runs to the west of the city. Chicago’s history and economy are closely tied to its proximity to Lake Michigan. While the Chicago River historically handled much of the region’s waterborne cargo, today’s huge lake freighters use the city’s far south Lake Calumet Harbor. The Lake also moderates Chicago’s climate, making it warmer in the winter and cooler in the summer. When Chicago was founded in the 1830s, most of the early building began around the mouth of the Chicago River, as can be seen on a map of the city’s original 58 blocks. [6] The overall grade of the city’s central, built-up reas, is relatively consistent with the natural flatness of its overall natural geography, generally exhibiting only slight differentiation otherwise. The average land elevation is 579 feet (176 m) above sea level. The lowest points are along the lake shore at 577 feet (176 m), while the highest point at 735 feet (224 m) is a landfill located in the Hegewisch community area on the c ity’s far south side. Lake Shore Drive runs adjacent to a large portion of Chicago’s lakefront. Parks along the lakeshore include Lincoln Park, Grant Park, Burnham Park and Jackson Park; 29 public beaches are found all along the shore. Near downtown, landfills extend into the Lake, providing space for the Jardine Water Purification Plant, Navy Pier, Northerly Island and the Museum Campus, Soldier Field, and large portions of the McCormick Place Convention Center. Most of the city’s high-rise commercial and residential buildings can be found within a few blocks of the Lake. Chicagoland is an informal name for the Chicago metro area, used primarily by copywriters, advertising agencies, and traffic reporters. There is no precise definition for the term â€Å"Chicagoland,† but it generally means â€Å"around Chicago† or relatively local. The Chicago Tribune, which coined the term, includes the city of Chicago, the rest of Cook County, eight nearby Illinois counties; Lake, McHenry, DuPage, Kane, Kendall, Grundy, Will and Kankakee, and three counties in Indiana; Lake, Porter, and LaPorte. [7] The Illinois Department of Tourism defines Chicagoland as Cook County without the city of Chicago, and only Lake, DuPage, Kane and Will counties. The Chicagoland Chamber of Commerce defines it as all of Cook, and DuPage, Kane, Lake, McHenry and Will counties. 2. 2. Climate The city lies within the humid continental climate zone, and experiences four distinct seasons. Summers are warm humid with average high temperatures of 80-84 °F (27-29 °C) and lows of 61-65  °F (16-19 °C). Winters are cold, snowy and windy with temperatures below freezing. Spring and Fall are mild with low humidity. According to the National Weather Service, Chicago’s highest official temperature reading of 107  °F (42  °C) was recorded on June 1, 1934. The lowest temperature of ? 27  °F (? 33  °C) was recorded on January 20, 1985. Along with long, hot dry spells in the summer, Chicago can suffer extreme winter cold spells. In the entire month of January 1977, the temperature did not rise above 31  °F (-0. 5  °C). The average temperature that month was around 10  °F (-12  °C). Chicago’s yearly precipitation averages about 34 inches (860 millimeters). Summer is typically the rainiest season, with short-lived rainfall and thunderstorms more common than prolonged rainy periods. [8] Winter precipitation tends to be more snow than rain. Chicago’s snowiest winter on record was that of 1978–79, with 89. 7 inches (228 cm) of snow in total. The winter of 2007-08, with more than 61 inches (155 cm) of snow, was the snowiest in nearly three decades, and the winter of 2008/2009 produced nearly 50 inches (127 cm). Average winter snowfall is normally around 38 inches (96. 52 cm). The highest one-day snowfall total in Chicago history was 18. 3 inches (46. 5 cm) on Jan. 3, 1999. Chicago’s highest one-day rainfall total was 6. 63 inches (168. 4 mm) on September 13, 2008. [8] The previous record of 6. 49 inches (164 mm) had been set on August 14, 1987. The record for yearly rainfall is 50. 6 inches set in 2008; 1983 was the wettest year before with 49. 35 inches. [8] 3. Cityscape. Architecture The outcome of the Great Chicago Fire led to the largest building boom in the history of the nation. Perhaps the most outstanding of these events was the relocation of many of the nation’s most prominent architects to the city from New England for construction of the 1893 World Columbian Exposition. In 1885, the first steel-fr amed high-rise building rose in Chicago ushering in the skyscraper era. [9] Today, Chicago’s skyline is among the world’s tallest. Downtown’s historic buildings include the Chicago Board of Trade Building in the Loop, with others along the lakefront and the Chicago River. Once first on the list of largest buildings in the world and still listed twentieth, the Merchandise Mart stands near the junction of the north and south river branches. Presently the three tallest in the city are the Sears Tower, the Aon Center (previously the Standard Oil Building), and the John Hancock Center. The city’s architecture includes lakefront high-rise residential towers, low-rise structures, and single-family homes. Industrialized areas such as the Indiana border, south of Midway Airport, and the banks of the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal are clustered. Future skyline plans entail the supertall Waterview Tower, Chicago Spire, and Trump International Hotel and Tower. The 60602 zip code was named by Forbes as the hottest zip code in the country with upscale buildings such as The Heritage at Millennium Park (130 N. Garland) leading the way for other buildings such at Waterview Tower, The Legacy and Momo. Other new skyscraper construction may be found directly south (South Loop) and north (River North) of the Loop. Multiple kinds and scales of houses, townhouses, condominiums and apartment buildings can be found in Chicago. Large swaths of Chicago’s residential areas away from the lake in the so-called â€Å"bungalow belt† are characterized by bungalows built from the early 20th century through the end of World War II. Chicago is also a prominent center of the Polish Cathedral style of church architecture. One of Chicago’s suburbs is Oak Park, home to the late Frank Lloyd Wright. 4. Culture and contemporary life 4. 1. Entertainment and performing arts Chicago’s theatre community spawned modern improvisational theatre. Two renowned comedy troupes emerged — The Second City and I. O. (formerly known as ImprovOlympic). Renowned Chicago theater companies include the Steppenwolf Theatre Company (on the city’s north side), the Goodman Theatre, and the Victory Gardens Theater. Chicago offers Broadway-style entertainment at theaters such as Ford Center for the Performing Arts Oriental Theatre, Bank of America Theatre, Cadillac Palace Theatre, Auditorium Building of Roosevelt University, and Drury Lane Theatre Water Tower Place. Polish language productions for Chicago’s large Polish speaking population can be seen at the historic Gateway Theatre in Jefferson Park. Since 1968, the Joseph Jefferson Awards are given annually to acknowledge excellence in theatre in the Chicago area. Classical music offerings include the Chicago Symphony Orchestra, recognized as one of the finest orchestras in the world,[10] which performs at Symphony Center. Also performing regularly at Symphony Center is the Chicago Sinfonietta, a more diverse and multicultural counterpart to the CSO. In the summer, many outdoor concerts are given in Grant Park and Millennium Park. Ravinia Park, located 25 miles (40 km) north of Chicago, is also a favorite destination for many Chicagoans, with performances occasionally given in Chicago locations such as the Harris Theater. The Civic Opera House is home to the Lyric Opera of Chicago. The Joffrey Ballet and Chicago Festival Ballet perform in various venues, including the Harris Theater in Millennium Park. Chicago is home to several other modern and jazz dance troupes, such as the Hubbard Street Dance Chicago. Other live music genre which are part of the city’s cultural heritage include Chicago blues, Chicago soul, jazz, and gospel. The city is the birthplace of house music and is the site of an influential hip-hop scene. In the 1980s, the city was a center for industrial, punk and new wave. This influence continued into the alternative rock of the 1990s. The city has been an epicenter for rave culture since the 1980s. A flourishing independent rock music culture brought forth Chicago indie. The city has also been spawning a critically acclaimed underground metal scene with various bands gaining national attention in the metal and hard rock world. Annual festivals feature various acts such as Lollapalooza, the Intonation Music Festival and Pitchfork Music Festival. . 2. Tourism Chicago attracted a combined 44. 2 million people in 2006 from around the nation and abroad. [4] Upscale shopping along the Magnificent Mile, thousands of restaurants, as well as Chicago’s eminent architecture, continue to draw tourists. The city is the United States’ third-largest convention destination. Most conventions ar e held at McCormick Place, just south of Soldier Field. The historic Chicago Cultural Center (1897), originally serving as the Chicago Public Library, now houses the city’s Visitor Information Center, galleries, and exhibit halls. The ceiling of Preston Bradley Hall includes a 38-foot (11 m) Tiffany glass dome. Millennium Park, initially slated to be unveiled at the turn of the 21st century, and delayed for several years, sits on a deck built over a portion of the former Illinois Central rail yard. The park includes the reflective Cloud Gate sculpture (known locally as â€Å"The Bean†). A Millennium Park restaurant outdoor transforms into an ice rink in the winter. Two tall glass sculptures make up the Crown Fountain. The fountain’s two towers display visual effects from LED images of Chicagoans’ faces, with water spouting from their lips. Frank Gehry’s detailed stainless steel band shell Pritzker Pavilion, hosts the classical Grant Park Music Festival concert series. Behind the pavilion’s stage is the Harris Theater for Music and Dance, an indoor venue for mid-sized performing arts companies, including Chicago Opera Theater and Music of the Baroque. In 1998, the city officially opened the Museum Campus, a 10-acre (4-ha) lakefront park surrounding three of the city’s main museums: the Adler Planetarium, the Field Museum of Natural History, and the Shedd Aquarium. The Museum Campus joins the southern section of Grant Park which includes the renowned Art Institute of Chicago. Buckingham Fountain anchors the downtown park along the lakefront. The Oriental Institute, part of the University of Chicago, has an extensive collection of ancient Egyptian and Near Eastern archaeological artifacts. Other museums and galleries in Chicago are the Chicago History Museum, DuSable Museum of African-American History, Museum of Contemporary Art, the Peggy Notebaert Nature Museum, the Polish Museum of America, Museum of Broadcast Communications and the Museum of Science and Industry. 4. 3. Parks When Chicago incorporated in 1837, it chose the motto â€Å"Urbs in Horto†, a Latin phrase which translates into English as â€Å"City in a Garden†. Today the Chicago Park District consists of 552 parks with over 7,300 acres (30 km? ) of municipal parkland as well as 33 sand beaches along Lake Michigan, nine museums, two world-class conservatories, 16 historic lagoons and 10 bird and wildlife gardens. Lincoln Park, the largest of these parks, has over 20 million visitors each year, making it second only to Central Park in New York City. [16] Nine lakefront harbors located within a number of parks along the lakefront render the Chicago Park District the nation’s largest municipal harbor system. In addition to ongoing beautification and renewal projects for existing parks, a number of new parks have been added in recent years such as Ping Tom Memorial Park, DuSable Park and most notably Millennium Park. The wealth of greenspace afforded by Chicago’s parks is further augmented by the Cook County Forest Preserves, a network of open spaces containing forest, prairie, wetland, streams, and lakes that are set aside as natural areas which lie along the city’s periphery, home to both the Chicago Botanic Garden and Brookfield Zoo. 4. 4. Sports Chicago was named the Best Sports City in the United States by The Sporting News in 1993 and 2006. The city is home to two Major League Baseball teams: the Chicago Cubs of the National League play on the city’s North Side, in Wrigley Field, while the Chicago White Sox of the American League play in U. S. Cellular Field on the city’s South Side. Chicago is the only city in North America that has had more than one Major League Baseball franchise every year since the American League began in 1900. The Chicago Bears, one of the two remaining charter members of the NFL, have won thirteen NFL Championships. The other remaining charter franchise also started out in Chicago, the Chicago Cardinals, now the Arizona Cardinals . The Bears play their home games at Soldier Field on Chicago’s lakefront. Due in large part to Michael Jordan, the Chicago Bulls of the NBA are one of the most recognized basketball teams in the world. With Jordan leading them, the Bulls took six NBA championships in eight seasons during the 1990s (only failing to do so in the two years of Jordan’s absence). The Chicago Blackhawks of the NHL, who began play in 1926 have won three Stanley Cups. The Blackhawks also hosted the 2008-2009 Winter Classic. Both the Bulls and Blackhawks play at the United Center on the Near West Side. The Chicago Fire soccer club are members of Major League Soccer. The Fire have won one league and four US Open Cups since their inaugural season in 1998. In 2006, the club moved to its current home, Toyota Park, in suburban Bridgeview after playing its first eight seasons downtown at Soldier Field and at Cardinal Stadium in Naperville. The club is now the third professional soccer team to call Chicago home, the first two being the Chicago Sting of the NASL (and later the indoor team of the MISL); and the Chicago Power of the NPSL-AISA. The Chicago Red Stars of Women’s Professional Soccer also play in Toyota Park in Bridgeview, Illinois. The Chicago Rush, of the Arena Football League, The Chicago Bandits of the NPF and the Chicago Wolves, of the AHL, also play in Chicago; they both play at the Allstate Arena. The Chicago Sky of the WNBA, began play in 2006. The Sky’s home arena is the UIC Pavilion. The Chicago Slaughter of the CIFL began in 2006 and play at the Sears Centre. The Chicago Storm began play in 2004 in the MISL until 2007 when they moved to the XSL. The Chicago Storm also play at the Sears Centre. The Chicago Marathon has been held every October since 1977. This event is one of five World Marathon Majors. [10] In 1994 the United States hosted a successful FIFA World Cup with games played at Soldier Field. Chicago was selected on April 14, 2007 to represent the United States internationally in the bidding for the 2016 Summer Olympics. [11] Chicago also hosted the 1959 Pan American Games, and Gay Games VII in 2006. Chicago was selected to host the 1904 Olympics, but they were transferred to St. Louis to coincide with the World’s Fair. 11] On June 4, 2008 The International Olympic Committee selected Chicago as one of four candidate cities for the 2016 games. Chicago is also the starting point for the Chicago Yacht Club Race to Mackinac, a 330-mile (530 km) offshore sailboat race held each July that is the longest annual freshwater sailboat race in the world. 2008 marks the 100th running of the â€Å"Mac. † At the collegiate level, Chicago and its suburb, Evanston, h ave two national athletic conferences, the Big East Conference with DePaul University, and the Big Ten Conference with Northwestern University in Evanston. 4. 5. Media The Chicago metropolitan area is the third-largest media market in North America (after New York City and Los Angeles). [12] Each of the big four (CBS, ABC, NBC, and FOX) United States television networks directly owns and operates a station in Chicago (WBBM, WLS, WMAQ, and WFLD, respectively). WGN-TV, which is owned by the Tribune Company, is carried (with some programming differences) as â€Å"WGN America† on cable nationwide and in parts of the Caribbean. The city is also the home of The Oprah Winfrey Show (on WLS) and Jerry Springer (on WMAQ), while Chicago Public Radio produces programs such as PRI’s This American Life and NPR’s Wait Wait†¦ Don’t Tell Me!. PBS on TV in Chicago can be seen on WTTW (producer of shows such as Sneak Previews, The Frugal Gourmet, Lamb Chop’s Play-Along, and The McLaughlin Group, just to name a few) and WYCC. There are two major daily newspapers published in Chicago: the Chicago Tribune and the Chicago Sun-Times, with the former having the larger circulation. There are also several regional and special-interest newspapers such as the Chicago Reader, the Daily Southtown, the Chicago Defender, the Chicago Sports Weekly, the Daily Herald, StreetWise, The Chicago Free Press and the Windy City Times. The city has pushed hard to make Chicago a filming-friendly location. After a long drought of interest from Hollywood movies, Spider-Man 2 filmed a scene in Chicago. Since then, progressively more movies have filmed in Chicago, most notably the massive blockbuster success The Dark Knight, which was a follow up to Batman Begins, which also shot in Chicago. 5. Economy Chicago has the third largest gross metropolitan product in the nation — approximately $440 billion according to 2007 estimates. The city has also been rated as having the most balanced economy in the United States, due to its high level of diversification. [35] Chicago was named the fourth most important business center in the world in the MasterCard Worldwide Centers of Commerce Index. Additionally, the Chicago metropolitan area recorded the greatest number of new or expanded corporate facilities in the United States for six of the past seven years. In 2008, Chicago placed 16th on the UBS list of the world’s richest cities. [13] Chicago is a major financial center with the second largest central business district in the U. S. The city is the headquarters of the Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago (the Seventh District of the Federal Reserve). The city is also home to three major financial and futures exchanges, including the Chicago Stock Exchange, the Chicago Board Options Exchange (CBOE), and the Chicago Mercantile Exchange (the â€Å"Merc†), which includes the former Chicago Board of Trade (CBOT). Perhaps due to the influence of the Chicago school of economics, the city also has markets trading unusual contracts such as emissions (on the Chicago Climate Exchange) and equity style indices (on the US Futures Exchange). In addition to the exchanges, Chicago and the surrounding areas house many major brokerage firms and insurance companies, such as Allstate and Zurich North America. The city and its surrounding metropolitan area are home to the second largest labor pool in the United States with approximately 4. 25 million workers. [13] Manufacturing, printing, publishing and food processing also play major roles in the city’s economy. Several medical products and services companies are headquartered in the Chicago area, including Baxter International, Abbott Laboratories, and the Healthcare Financial Services division of General Electric. Moreover, the construction of the Illinois and Michigan Canal, which helped move goods from the Great Lakes south on the Mississippi River, and of the railroads in the 19th century made the city a major transportation center in the United States. In the 1840s, Chicago became a major grain port, and in the 1850s and 1860s Chicago’s pork and beef industry expanded. As the major meat companies grew in Chicago many, such as Armour and Company, created global enterprises. Though the meatpacking industry currently plays a lesser role in the city’s economy, Chicago continues to be a major transportation and distribution center. Late in the 19th Century, Chicago was part of the bicycle craze, as home to Western Wheel Company, which introduced stamping to the production process and significantly reduced costs,[12] while early in the 20th Century, the city was part of the automobile revolution, hosting the brass era car builder Bugmobile, which was founded there in 1907. Chicago is also a major convention destination. The city’s main convention center is McCormick Place. With its four interconnected buildings, it is the third largest convention center in the world. Chicago also ranks third in the U. S. (behind Las Vegas and Orlando) in number of conventions hosted annually. In addition, Chicago is home to eleven Fortune 500 companies, while the metropolitan area hosts an additional 21 Fortune 500 companies. The state of Illinois is home to 66 Fortune 1000 companies. Chicago also hosts 12 Fortune Global 500 companies and 17 Financial Times 500 companies. The city claims one Dow 30 company as well: aerospace giant Boeing, which moved its headquarters from Seattle to the Chicago Loop in 2001. 6. Demographics During its first century as a city, Chicago grew at a rate that ranked among the fastest growing in the world. Within the span of forty years, the city’s population grew from slightly under 30,000 to over 1 million by 1890. By the close of the 19th century, Chicago was the fifth largest city in the world,[14] and the largest of the cities that did not exist at the dawn of the century. Within fifty years of the Great Chicago Fire of 1871, the population had tripled to over 3 million. As of the 2000 census, there were 2,896,016 people, 1,061,928 households, and 632,909 families residing within Chicago. More than half the population of the state of Illinois lives in the Chicago metropolitan area. The population density of the city itself was 12,750. 3 people per square mile (4,923. 0/km? ), making it one of the nation’s most densely populated cities. There were 1,152,868 housing units at an average density of 5,075. 8 per square mile (1,959. 8/km? ). Of the 1,061,928 households, 28. 9% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 35. 1% were married couples living together, 18. 9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 40. 4% were non-families. The median income for a household in the city was $38,625, and the median income for a family was $46,748. Males had a median income of $35,907 versus $30,536 for females. Below the poverty line are 19. 6% of the population and 16. 6% of the families. At the 2007 U. S. Census estimates, Chicago’s population was: 38. 9% White (30. 9% non-Hispanic-White), 35. 6% Black or African American, 0. 5% American Indian and Alaska Native, 5. 3% Asian, 0. 1% Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander, 21. 3% some other race and 1. 6% two or more races. 28. 1% of the total population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 5]. The main ethnic groups in Chicago are African American, Irish, German, Italian, Mexican, English, Bulgarian, Greek, Chinese, Lithuanian, Polish, Serbian, Ukrainian and Puerto Rican. Many of Chicago’s politicians have come from this massive Irish population, including the current mayor, Richard M. Daley. Poles in Chicago constitute the largest Polish population out side of the Polish capital, Warsaw, making it one of the most important Polonia centers,[16] a fact that the city celebrates every Labor Day weekend at the Taste of Polonia Festival in Jefferson Park. The Chicago Metropolitan area is also a major center for those of Indian ancestry. 7. Law and government Chicago is the county seat of Cook County. The government of the City of Chicago is divided into executive and legislative branches. The Mayor of Chicago is the chief executive, elected by general election for a term of four years, with no term limits. The mayor appoints commissioners and other officials who oversee the various departments. In addition to the mayor, Chicago’s two other citywide elected officials are the clerk and the treasurer. The City Council is the legislative branch and is made up of 50 aldermen, one elected from each ward in the city. The council enacts local ordinances and approves the city budget. Government priorities and activities are established in a budget ordinance usually adopted each November. The council takes official action through the passage of ordinances and resolutions. During much of the last half of the 19th century, Chicago’s politics were dominated by a growing Democratic Party organization dominated by ethnic ward-heelers. During the 1880s and 1890s, Chicago had a powerful radical tradition with large and highly organized socialist, anarchist and labor organizations. For much of the 20th century, Chicago has been among the largest and most reliable Democratic strongholds in the United States, with Chicago’s Democratic vote the state of Illinois tends to be â€Å"solid blue† in presidential elections since 1992. The citizens of Chicago have not elected a Republican mayor since 1927, when William Thompson was voted into office. The strength of the party in the city is partly a consequence of Illinois state politics, where the Republicans have come to represent the rural and farm concerns while the Democrats support urban issues such as Chicago’s public school funding. Although Chicago includes less than 25% of the state’s population, eight of Illinois’ nineteen U. S. Representatives have part of the city in their districts. Former Chicago Mayor Richard J. Daley’s mastery of machine politics preserved the Chicago Democratic Machine long after the demise of similar machines in other large U. S. cities. 15] During much of that time, the city administration found opposition mainly from a liberal â€Å"independent† faction of the Democratic Party. The independents finally gained control of city government in 1983 with the election of Harold Washington. Since 1989, Chicago has been under the leadership of Richard M. Daley, the son of Richard J. Daley. Because of the dominance of the Democratic Party in Chicago, the Democratic primary vote held in the spring is generally more significant than the general elections in November. 8. Education There are 680 public schools, 394 private schools, 83 colleges, and 88 libraries in Chicago proper. Chicago Public Schools (CPS), is the governing body of a district that contains over 600 public elementary and high schools citywide, including several selective-admission magnet schools. The school district, with an enrollment exceeding 400,000 students (2005 stat. ), ranks as third largest in the U. S. [52] Private schools in Chicago are largely run by religious groups. The two largest systems are run by Christian religious denominations, Roman Catholic and Lutheran, respectively. The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Chicago operates the city’s Roman Catholic schools, including Jesuit preparatory schools. Some of the more prominent examples of schools run by the Archdiocese are: Brother Rice High School, Loyola Academy, St. Ignatius College Prep, St. Scholastica Academy, Mount Carmel High School, Mother McAuley Liberal Arts High School, Marist High School, and St. Patrick High School and Resurrection High School. In addition to Chicago’s network of 32 Lutheran Schools,[16] Chicago also has private schools run by other denominations and faiths such as Ida Crown Jewish Academy in West Rogers Park, and the Fasman Yeshiva High School in Skokie, a nearby suburb. There are also a number of private schools run in a completely secular educational environment such as: Latin School, University of Chicago Laboratory Schools in Hyde Park, Francis W. Parker School, Chicago City Day School in Lake View, and Morgan Park Academy. Chicago is also home of the prestigious Chicago Academy for the Arts, an arts high school focused on 6 different categories of the arts, Media Arts, Visual Arts, Music, Dance, Musical Theatre and Theatre. It has been heralded as the best arts high school in the country. Children commute from as far away as South Bend, Indiana every day to attend classes. Since the 1890s, Chicago has been a world center in higher education and research. Six universities in or immediately adjoining the city, Northwestern University, the University of Chicago, DePaul University, University of Illinois Chicago, Loyola University Chicago, and the Illinois Institute of Technology, are among the top echelon of doctorate-granting research universities. Northwestern University, established in 1851, is a nonsectarian, private, research university located in the adjacent northern suburb of Evanston. The University maintains the top–rated Kellogg Graduate School of Management, the Weinberg College of Arts and Sciences, the McCormick School of Engineering, the Bienen School of Music, and the Medill School of Journalism. Northwestern also has a downtown Chicago campus, with the Feinberg School of Medicine and School of Law, both being located in the city’s Streeterville neighborhood. Northwestern is a member of the Big Ten Athletic Conference. The University of Chicago, established in 1891, is a nonsectarian, private, research university located in Hyde Park on the city’s South Side. The university has had 82 Nobel Prize laureates among its faculty and alumni, the highest of any university in the world. Academic programs at the University of Chicago have initiated entire schools of thought named after Chicago, most notably the Chicago School of Economics. The university also maintains the Pritzker School of Medicine, the University of Chicago Law School, and the Booth School of Business. The University of Illinois at Chicago, a nationally ranked public research institution, is the largest university within the city. [54] UIC boasts the nation’s largest medical school. 16] State funded universities in Chicago (besides UIC) include Chicago State University and Northeastern Illinois University. The city also has a large community college system known as the City Colleges of Chicago. Prominent Catholic universities in Chicago include Loyola University and DePaul University. Loyola, established in 1870 as Saint Ignatius College, has campuses on city’s No rth Side as well as downtown, and a Medical Center in the West suburban Maywood, is the largest Jesuit university in the country while DePaul, a Big East Conference university is the largest Catholic university in the U. S. Loyola University Chicago is a private Jesuit university. The Illinois Institute of Technology is a private Ph. D. -granting technological university. The main campus is established in Bronzeville, and is home to renowned engineering and architecture programs. The university was host to world-famous modern architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe for many years. IIT also maintains a formal academic and research relationship with the Argonne National Laboratory. The IIT Institute of Design is located downtown, and the Stuart School of Business and Chicago-Kent College of Law are located within the city’s financial district. IIT shares it’s main campus with the VanderCook College of Music, the only independent college in the country focusing exclusively on the training of music educators, and Shimer College, a private liberal arts college which follows the Great Books program. Lake Forest College is Chicago’s national liberal arts college. North Park University is located in Chicago’s Albany park neighborhood, it enrolls a little over 3,000 students and has been listed on US News’ college review as one of the best universities in the Midwest. References: 1. Annual Estimates of the Population of Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas: April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2007 (CBSA-EST2007-01)†: www. census. gov/popest/metro/CBSA-est2007-annual. html 2. â€Å"Population in Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas Ranked by 2000 Population for the United States and Puerto Rico†: www. census. gov/population/cen2000/phc-t29/tab03a. csv 3. â€Å"Chicago in the Wor ld City Network†. Globalization and World Cities Study Group and Network Loughborough University: http://www. lboro. ac. uk/gawc/projects/projec16. htm 4. Choose Chicago – the official visitors site for Chicago | Industry Statistics 5. Swenson, John F. â€Å"Chicagoua/Chicago: The Origin, Meaning, and Etymology of a Place Name. † Illinois Historical Journal 84. 4 (Winter 1991): 235–248 6. McCafferty, Michael. kDisc: â€Å"Chicago† Etymology. LINGUIST list posting, Dec. y21, 2001 7. Bruegmann, Robert (2004–2005). Built Environment of the Chicago Region. Encyclopedia of Chicago (online version). 8. www. enjoyillinois. com 9. Chicago Seasonal Temperature and Precipitation Rankings (11/25/2005) 10. â€Å"Best Sports Cities 2006: Who, where and how†: http://www. sportingnews. com/yourturn/viewtopic. hp? t=113586 11. â€Å"City Mayors: World’s richest cities†: www. citymayors. com/economics/richest_cities. html 12. Norcliffe, Glen. The Ride to Modernity: The Bicycle in Canada, 1869-1900 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2001), p. 107. 13. Schneirov, Richard (April 1, 1998). Labor a nd Urban Politics. University of Illinois Press. pp. 173–174. 14. Montejano, David, ed (January 1, 1998). Chicano Politics and Society in the Late Twentieth Century. University of Texas Press. pp. 33–34. 15. Chicago falls to 3rd in U. S. convention industry (4/26/2006). Crain’s Chicago Business. 16. http://glores. ru/wiki/en. wikipedia. org How to cite Hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh, Papers

Morality and Iraq War

Question: Write about theMorality and Iraq War. Answer: Introduction The Iraq war of 2003 had always raised the question if this war can be morally justified. Traditionally, the following grounds have been used as an excuse to take recourse to war. These are proportionality, right intention, last resort, legitimate authority, prospects of success and just cause. When it comes to the Iraq war, nearly all of these reasons (except the chances of success) appear to be doubtful (Dowd, 2006). The question arises if the war was in fraction to the evil the war tried to fix. It needs to be noted in this regard that although Saddam was neutralized but a large number of persons were killed and thousands suffered injuries and pulmonary disablement. Similarly, after the war there was great, chaos and hardships for the people (Enemark and Michaelsen, 2005). Therefore, it needs to be seen if it was the correct intent or if there were concealed motives like oil present behind the war. Similarly, was the war a last resort? The answer will be no as the sanctions impose d by the United Nations and the weapons inspections would have persisted. Similarly, was there any legitimate authority behind the war? The United Nations as well as the Pope and a number of individual states and other organizations are totally against this war. Therefore, it needs to be seen if Blair and Bush can be considered as legitimate authorities in their own right (Fiala, 2008). Even if the answer to this question may be affirmative, still there were a large number of citizens of their own countries were against the war and therefore if such authority was acceptable anyway? Just cause: the most significant of the post-Christian traditional criteria for the war is the case of just cause. The wars are defended on the basis of self-defense or on the grounds of saving a state from an assault by another state. However, it has to be seen if any of these justifications can be applied in case of Iraq war of 2003. Similarly, there was no evidence related with the use of the weapons of mass destruction or the presence of terrorist links that could have dangerously endangered the West (Greeley, 2007). In this context, the argument of the terrorist links of Iran was probably one of the most implausible arguments for going to war against Iraq. For a number of years, Saddam remained a bete noir for the Islamic terrorists. Therefore he had fine cause to make efforts to control terrorism still legal efforts were made by President Bush before invading Iraq to contain terrorism and for this purpose make efforts to reduce and understand the causes of terrorism, the most b latant one is the chronic oppression of the Palestinians by Israel. Then the question is if there was evidence to suggest that Iraq was going to be attacked and therefore the coalition required to protect them (Gupta, 2008). Though there was no such evidence. The grounds that were emphasized by Tony Blair for attack on Iraq were a threat has been caused to the West as a result of the presence of the weapons of mass destruction with Iran. But it is also debatable that in such a case. There are other states that also have the weapons of mass destruction like Israel, France and India. Will these states also be invaded on these grounds? On the other hand, the arguments given by President Bush for going to war against Iraq included an additional argument. According to it, 'regime change' in Iraq was also a reason behind the Iraq war. Perhaps this argument can be treated as the most persuasive, although it fails to answer the question why regime change in Iraq was considered to be so nece ssary in Iraq when they were many other dictatorships present in the world (Karoubi, 2004). Was this war, only for the benefit of the Iraqis or if the US was also going to have some advantage in it like safer oil supplies from Saudi Arabia and Caucasus. It may have been believed by the West that the main objective behind the Iraq war of 2003 was to change the regime in Iran, but this was not said publicly by the Western leaders, including Tony Blair before the war (Keohane, 2003). The reason could be that these leaders believe that either the United Nations or the public from the Western countries do not consider this reason as a just cause for war against Iraq. In the later case, perhaps he was mistaken, because, ironically this reason could have been much more acceptable as compared to the reason selected by them for going to war. It can also be said that the Western leaders including Bush and Blair were considered to be somewhat casual in their approach towards the war against Ir aq (Miller, 2008). They have ordered the war like any other form of foreign policy. It appeared that they were not aware of the dread and horror that is a characteristic of war as any other statesmen of the older generation who had lived through the World War II would have known and also the people from the military who have actually gone through the experience of war. In Iraq, war of 2003, hundreds of soldiers from the Western countries have died. On the other hand, it is estimated that 20,000 Iraqis were also killed while tens of thousands of Iraqis were left wounded. There was an unprovoked attack. In this world which resulted in agony and death for a large number of innocent citizens (Nardin, 2002). Some people have even gone to the extent of claiming that there was no such unprovoked war caused by the Western world since Hitler had invaded Poland in 1939 and in the same way, such unprovoked war had not been waged by Britain for more than 100 years. The Just War Theory is divided into three parts. jus ad bellum, which is related with the requirements for declaring war, jus in bello , that is concerned with the rules of engagement throughout the war and jus post bellum which is related with how to properly terminate a war. However, the most difficult part related with the theory of just war is related with the fact when a country has to decide if it is going to declare war or not, which is also called jus in bello. For the purpose of claiming that the war is justified in accordance with the just war theory, there are six requirements that need to be satisfied (Walzer, 1977). For this purpose, it is required that there should be a just cause, the state declaring the war should have the right intention, a public declaration of war should be made, board should be declared as well as the resort, reasonable chances of success should be present and the benefits of declaring war should be more than the cost of the war. If all the above mentioned six requirements are present, it can be said that a particular war is a just war (Fiala, 2008). On the other hand, if even one of these requirements is not fulfilled, the decision to declare war cannot be claimed as justified (Ramsey, 1992). In this way, the decision to wage war against Iraq in 2003 can be described as an example of unjust war as it failed to fulfill the criteria mentioned above related with a just war. The main case of the allies made in favor of the declaration of war against Iraq was based on the fact that Iraq possessed the weapons of mass destruction and was manufacturing even more. To a lot of people, this situation appeared to be highly probable due to two reasons. The first reason was that the weapons of mass destruction have been used by Iraq in the past, during the war with Iran, and also against its own people (Butler, 2012). The second reason was that Iraq had been very and cooperated with the UN inspectors who were inspecting Iraq after the war of 1991 for the purpose of making sure that all the weapons of mass destruction have been destroyed by Iraq. Still, the specters have not completed their work when they were pushed out of Iraq and were not allowed to return on the orders given by Saddam Hussein. In view of both these facts, it appeared highly likely to a number of people that perhaps Iraq was having and manufacturing the weapons of mass destruction. But when Iraq was threatened with war in early 2003 if it did not allow the UN inspectors to finish their work in Iraq, at last Iraq had agreed to comply. It appears that it would have been a great victory for the Bush administration because it would have provided them with a concrete proof regarding the weapons of mass destruction before waging war against Iraq, a lot of people were stunned when the Allies decided to declare war against Iraq before they have received the final report from the UN inspectors. It is way, it is clear on the basis of the above-mentioned sequence of events that the argument related with the presence of the weapons of mass destruction does not hold much water. The question is still unanswered why the United States of America decided against waiting for the final report of the UN inspectors. In the same way, the United States had also raised its arguments on the possible connection that existed between Iraq and Al Qaeda. The US has used its its own credibility to claim that the information. It was giving regarding the axis between these two, was in fact true. As it was later on amply established that Iraq did not have any weapons of mass destruction, and the US government was also aware of this fact before declaring war against Iraq, the question arises, what were the intentions of the United States when it made a decision to wage war against Iraq in 2003. There are some who argue that Bush wanted to enhance his prospects of re-election in 2003, there are others who believe that he wanted to avenge his father. But the most plausible claim that can be made in favor of the US invasion of Iraq in 2003, if not concerned with the weapons of mass destruction, could be to gain access over the abundant oil supply of Iraq. Even if this argument has been vehemently denied by the Bush administration, it is not very easy to ignore the possibility that the increasing dependence of the United States on oil can be a significant factor, while making a decision to wage war against Iraq in 2003. Christian ethics: As against Hitler, who had his own distorted ethical system, the Western leaders, Blair and Bush were professed Christians. Still, it shows that there is little in the Christian ethics that can be used to defend the Iraq war. On the contrary, it appeared to many religious leaders that their actions were completely antithetical to Christianity and the teachings of peace, love and turning the other cheek given by Jesus (OKeefe and Coady, 2005). Therefore how it can be explained. Probably these two leaders had some particular logic of mission or their own understanding of the ethics. If this was the case, these leaders have not yet opened it. Typically, the suspicious fantasies comprise the inflated fear of attack (when there is no real evidence) along with the religious sense of being a savior. Although these patterns can also be seen generally among the mentally disturbed, but it is not being suggested that these were also present among the Western leaders (Ramazani, 2008). However well concealed they may be, as paranoid conditions generally are, these delusions are generally not supported by convincing and rational ethics even if they are claimed to be principled. As against this situation and in order to be fair to Tony Blair, he appears to be a person who is concerned with moral principles and probably he had acted on a rational and principled moral position in this matter. If this was the case, what could it have been? For this purpose, the two other possibilities have to be reviewed briefly. Kant and utilitarian: it has already been considered and discarded that just war position and the Christian ethics are not applicable. Therefore, both of them simply cannot be used to justify the Iraq war. Hence, it has to be seen if the same objective can be achieved by Kant. In case of the Kantian view of ethics, there is a respect for law and the requirement according to which the parties are required to act on principle instead of pragmatism (Regan, 1996). Most notably, it has been argued by Kant that humanity should not be treated as a means, but it should always be considered as an end. This means that there should be strong and principled respect present for the individuals. However, if this position can be seen in the killing and wounding of the thousands of Iraqi people by the coalition is a matter of debate. There are not much arguments present to support this contention (Roth, 2006). Therefore, it appears that they are only left with a utilitarian defense of the Iraq war a nd the argument that the aggregate benefits of the war (in terms of happiness) are much more than the aggregate pain caused by the war. However, this appears to be uncertain. When we add up the future benefits of each person (which are largely unknown) from being liberated from the tyranny of Saddam and then add all the pains that was caused to the people who were wounded, bereaved and terrified or were rendered jobless and homeless as a result of the war, the balance is not clear. Probably the total benefits of this war will become clear in the longer run. However, some of the leading utilitarian philosophers of the world opposed the war. It appears that some kind of vague utilitarianism is underlined the official thinking. Blair had used this argument, at least on one occasion when he was asked in early 2003 how this war can be justified, he replied that the innocent victims of the war will be much less than the victims of the wars waged by Saddam. Regime change or humanitarian intervention: The basic argument under this heading will be like "we are going to attack your country for the purpose of liberating the general people of the country from the oppression of the tyrannical dictator. To an extent, this was claimed by George Bush, however this reason was given by Tony Blair only as a substitute. Still, the argument of regime change or humanitarian intervention appears to be a good argument to justify the Iraq war (Silverstone, 2007). The whole idea related with the so-called immunity enjoyed by the heads of state has taken a downturn, particularly after the case of Gen. Pinochet. Nowadays, the Heads of State and prime ministers are quite rightly considered as being liable for the crimes committed by the state against their own citizens and also against other people. Therefore it can be considered as a major step taken in the right direction. Such a step will make the dictators aware of the fact that ultimately they will have to face the consequences of their illegal actions. If they resort to gross injustice, war, torture or oppression, the dictators can be attacked by the international community. Hence the boundaries of a state cannot be used for providing protection from the application of international law and ethics. Probably the practice adopted by the desire is to target the cars of notorious terrorists can be adopted by the international community and the tyrannical dictators can be taken out by using precise missile attacks. The situation is changing rapidly as the older generation among the politicians is on their way out. Therefore, the international community is not much in the river of protecting the political and military leaders irrespective of their behavior (as they all have adopted a stick together approach) and more and more influential persons are now being asked by international organizations like the UN and international tribunal at The Hague to give account for their actions. Simi larly naming and shaming techniques are also being used as a sanction and this approach appears to be quite right. On the other hand, if the only motive behind the war in Iraq in 2003 was to bring a regime change, then certainly this objective could have been approached by capturing or killing Saddam Hussain. Special forces could have been used for achieving this purpose. It also appears that this technique was actually tried by the Western forces, but it was found to be impossible. Therefore the question is why the Western politicians are not ready to talk about this in the public. The answer can be that these leaders apprehended that such techniques may not yet be accepted by the people. On these grounds, it appears that the public instincts regarding the Iraq war. To be right. It was indicated by the early 2004 polls that nearly half of the people of UK considered that this war was not justified. This conclusion was based on the huge burden of death , and suffering that it has imposed on the citizens of Iraq, who were already a lot of oppression. On the contrary, those who are in the favor of the war, gave the reason that this war was not to protect the oil or to remove the weapons of mass destruction (Ramazani, 2008). Similarly this war was not fought for the separation of international terrorism, but it took place to change the regime of a cruel dictator.. However the moral dilemma is still present, can it be considered as right to kill a large number of people only for saving them from a dictator. How can the rights of the people be protected when they are being infringed at the same time? On the other hand, the NATO bombing of the Serb aggressors in 1999 had received widespread approval from the public. Therefore, why this approval from the public was not present when the coalition was bombing Baghdad in 2003? Therefore in the end, it can be said that the Iraq war of 2003, cannot be justified on the grounds like just war, traditional, Christian and Kantian grounds. Therefore only an attempt can be made to justify the board by optimistically applying the utilitarian principles. But at this point it needs to be noted that even the leading utilitarian were against this war. Under these circumstances, it can be concluded in this case that now the Western democracies want that their leaders should explain their policies rationally, and they should not only provide the facts to the people, but they should also provide a coherent moral argument in support of their actions. On the other hand, if humanitarian intervention or regime change was the reason behind the war, in such a case, it can be said that this operation was in the interest of police action taken to address the sadistic murderer. But if any police force from the civil world, while pursuing such laudable purpose could have killed, wou nded or abused innocent citizens in the process, it would have to face strong criticism. The people would have said that the section was not justified morally, and it was not professional. Therefore, the action was not worth it and was out of proportion. It can be said that the coalition had started the war with Saddam Hussain when they had not properly is certain the facts related with the weapons of mass destruction but they entered the war without a clear moral theory. References Butler, M. J. (2012) Selling A Just War Framing Legitimacy, And US Military Intervention (London, Palgrave Macmillan, 28 Dowd, C. (2006) Unjust and Indefensible, Commonweal, 133(17), 16-21. Enemark, C. and Michaelsen, C. (2005) Just War Doctrine and the Invasion of Iraq, Australian Journal of Politics and History, 51(4), 545-63. Fiala, A. G. (2008) The just war myth: the moral illusions of war, Lanham, Md., Rowman Littlefield. Fiala, A., (2008) The Just War Myth The Moral Illusions of War (New York, NY, Rowman and Littlefield Publishers Greeley, A. M. (2007) A stupid, unjust, and criminal war: Iraq, 2001-2007, Maryknoll, N.Y., Orbis Books. Gupta, S. (2008) The Doctrine of Pre-emptive Strike: Application and Implications During the Administration of President George W. Bush, International Political Science Review, 29(2), 181-96. Karoubi, M. T. (2004) Just or unjust war: international law and unilateral use of armed force by states at the turn of the 20th century, Aldershot, Hants, England; Burlington, VT, Ashgate. Keohane, Robert. (2003) Humanitarian Intervention: Ethical, Legal, and Political Dilemmas, New York, Cambridge University Press. Miller, R. B. (2008) Justifications of the Iraq War Examined, Ethics International Affairs, 22(1), 43-67. Nardin, Terry. (2002) The Moral Basis for Humanitarian Intervention, Ethics International Affairs, 16(1), 11-27. OKeefe, M. P. and Coady, C. A. J. (2005) Righteous violence: the ethics and politics of military intervention, Carlton, Vic., Melbourne University Press. Ramazani, R. K. (2008) President Bush Deviates from Core American Principles in Middle East Policies , Middle East Critique, 17(3), 209-21. Ramsey, P (1992) The Just War According to St Augustine in Just War Theory, ed Jean Beth Elshtain (New York, NY, New York University Press, 8.l Regan, R. J. (1996) Just war: principles and cases, Washington, D.C., Catholic University of America Press. Roth, K. (2006) Was the Iraq War a Humanitarian Intervention?, Journal of Military Ethics, 5(2), 84-92. Silverstone, S. A. (2007) Preventive war and American democracy, New York, Routledge Walzer, M., (1977) Just and Unjust Wars A Moral Argument with Historical Illustrations (New York, NY, Basic Books 52

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Philosophy and Fantasy Symbolism of the Ring Symbolism of the Ring: The Embodiment of Evil "One Ring to rule them all, One Ring to find them, One Ring to bring them all and in the Darkness bind them" (1 LotR II,2 The Council of Elrond) One of the masters of British Literature, John Ronald Reuel Tolkien has the unique ability to create a fantasy world in which exists a nearly endless supply of parallelisms to reality. By mastering his own world and his own language and becoming one with his fantasy, Tolkien is able to create wonderful symbolism and meaning out of what would otherwise be considered nonsense. Thus, when one decides to study The Ruling Ring, or The One Ring, in Tolkien's trilogy "Lord of the Rings", one must not simply perform an examination of the ring itself, but rather a complex analysis of the events which take place from the time of the ring's creation until the time of its destruction. Concurrently, to develop a more complete understanding of the symbolic nature of the ring, one must first develop a symbolic understanding of the characters and events that are relevant to the story. This essay begins with a brief background of Tolkien's life, followed by a thorough history of the "One Ring" including its creation, its symbolic significance, its effect on mortals, and its eventual destruction. Also, this essay will compare Tolkien's Ring to the Rhinegold Ring of Norse mythology, and will also show how many of the characters in the trilogy lend themselves to Christ-figure status. By examining the Ring from these perspectives, a clearer understanding of its symbolic significance will be reached. John Ronald Reuel Tolkien, an English scholar and storyteller, became fascinated by language at an early age during his schooling at, particularly the languages of Northern Europe, both ancient and modern. This affinity for language did not only lead to his profession, but also his private hobby, the invention of languages. H e was also drawn to the entire "Northern tradition", which inspired him to study its myths and sagas thoroughly. His broad knowledge eventually led to the development of his opinions about Myth, its relation to language, and the importance of stories. All these various perspectives: language, the heroic tradition, and Myth, as well as deeply-held beliefs in Catholic Christianity work together in all of his works, including The Lord of the Rings (LotR). The creation of the "One Ring" or the "Ring of Sauron" goes back to the years following the fall of Morgoth. At this time, Sauron established his desire to bring the Elves, and indeed all the people of Middle-Earth, under his control. It was his opinion that Manw? and the Valar had abandoned Middle-Earth after the fall of Morgoth. In order to bring the Elves under his control, Sauron persuaded them that his intentions were good, and that he wanted Middle-Earth to return from the darkness it was in. Eventually the elves sided with Sauron, and created the Rings of Power under his guidance. Following the creation of these rings, Sauron created the One Ring in secret, so that he would be able to control the other rings and consequently control the Elves. The creation of the Ring, and the essence of its power is revealed in the following passage. "and their power was bound up with it, to be subject wholly to it and to last only as long as it too should last. And much of the strength and will of Sauron passed into that One Ring; for the power of the Elven Rings was very great, and that which should govern them must be a thing of surpassing potency; and Sauron forged it in the Mountain of Fire in the Land of Shadow. And while he wore the One Ring he could perceive all the things that were done by means of the lesser rings, and he could see and govern the very thoughts of those that wore them." (from The Silmarillion, Of the Rings of Power and the Third Age) The power of the One is recognized by the Elves as soo n as Sauron puts the Ring on his finger. They realize that he can control their

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Innocence and Experience Essay At one point in our lives we were all children, learning things about life, experiencing new things, and understanding life’s lessons. We were all naive and knew nothing about the world around us, we were all innocent to life and what it had to bring. It was not until we grew older that we began to lose our innocence with every new experience. Growing older means taking responsibility, accepting and overcoming life’s hardships and understanding oneself. So as we reach adulthood we begin to question when the conversion from innocence to experience occurs and what causes and marks this coming of age. In the novel They Poured Fire on Us From The Sky, the characters and plot prolong the opposition of innocence and experience and show us how they continuously overlap and occur throughout the lifetime of an individual. By analyzing the boy’s experiences of being refugees, their encounters with war, and their relationship and appreciation for the Dinkaland, we become aware of the connection between innocence and experience and how it is portrayed and represented in the novel. Starvation, isolationism, and confusion, are words we unknowingly associate with refugees. None of us can fully understand and begin to relate to the thoughts and emotions of refugees. Most of what we know has been through books or media where the hardship of refugee life is depicted as horrifying, desperate, and unresponsive. In They Poured Fire on Us From the Sky, one of the main characters, Alepho depicts life as a refugee while giving us instances of experience where we are shown his loss of innocence. Through the text Alepho gives us a first hand account of his experience with being a refugee and how he has matured, transitioned into adulthood, and through all of this has ultimately been stripped of his innocence. â€Å" The Soldiers who came to camp always said, â€Å"You know, I think there will be peace. † But although people always hoped and prayed for peace, peace never came and we lost hope† (Deng 271). Not only does this show how through their experiences they realize peace will never come but also how they have given up on hoping for a better future. Their innocence has been lost through every thought of hope that has never been achieved. At only a young age Alepho and the other boys have already experienced so much devastation, corruption and loneliness, leaving only their childhood memories as a connection to their innocence. Not only did being a refugee leave mental scars but it also had a lasting impact on their physical well-being. â€Å"Being a refugee is something that many people cannot understand. Refugee life was like being devoured by wild animals. We lived five of us in one house. The little ration we received we collected together and cooked as a meal once a day. Though we had an appetite there wasn’t enough to eat as young growing boys with tender bones and body. Nutritional diseases were rampant in the camp. Children died from marasmas, kwashiorkor, anemia, and beriberi. Rickets was the worst with the young boys; almost every boy was bow-legged. It was hard for boys to go to school with empty stomachs. An empty stomach cannot carry a healthy mind† (Deng 274). This depicts a more vivid picture of what refugee life was like and how impacting it was to their health. They became famished, and their health was slowly deteriorating with every meal that they skipped, and every disease acquired. As a result, we see how at such a young age the boys life was corrupted and how they had to experience things that most people don’t experience in a lifetime. Starvation, devastation, and loneliness, were the only things we as children saw in movies or games, we could never imagine ever experiencing it first hand. The boys were stripped of their innocence as children, grown to be familiar with an empty stomach, separated from their family, and above all had no place to truly call home. Through each experience they faced they lost all ties to their innocence and were forced to mature in a world of corruption, and isolationism. We have all heard the word war, whether through textbooks in school, or stories passed down from our grandparents. We have all been some what introduced to the concept of war, World War I and II, Vietnam, The Civil War, and the current Middle Eastern War, are just some of the wars we have been taught about. However, none of us have experienced the horrific emotions, and psychological pain that comes along with being involved in war. We all know adults or friends who have served for our country, but what we are not familiar with are children who have been forced into war by means of cruelty. In the novel, the young boys are taken from their homes and forced into war, and the life of a refugee. â€Å" But I didn’t understand this complicated war, how it mortally devoured the land and left it so full of skeletons. The adults talked of the war all the time. They discussed slavery, apartheid, racism, segregation, and tribalism. They called it a religious war. A jihad. I heard all the words but I didn’t understand them. I think kids feel differently about things than adults do. From what I could see men or woman, children or adults, young or aged, rich or poor, war was making everyone equal† (Deng 123). This shows how the boys are naive and innocent to the war, and the reasoning and purpose of it, but this innocence is soon lost when the boys experience death of friends and family, life of a refugee, and the horrors of war. The boys are innocent in the fact that they do not understand the concept or reason for war but their experience throughout it show they have fully made the transition from innocence to experience or childhood to adulthood. Throughout the book we see how the boys show experience over innocence but when it comes to understanding war, and what causes it, the boys immaturity comes through. â€Å"We said that a lot. As children, seven or eight years old, we knew nothing about the world, just that we were not in our mama’s house no more† (Deng 123). The boys are so innocent to the world around them and what’s going on, that all they do know is that things have changed and they are not home anymore. At one point in the novel the boys experienced innocence. They were so naive to not only the world, but also to the concept of war. However, as we become more familiar with the boys and follow them on their endeavors as refugees we can see how through their experiences their innocence was lost. Family and friends, are something most of us take for granted, the thought of loosing them is indescribable. Family and friends are to most of us, the most structured and important relationships in our lives. Family is what helps you overcome difficulties, and friends are there to share laughs and build memories with. In some cases people have lost family members due to serious illness or other circumstances but very few to almost none in our society have been taken away from their families and community to be refugees of war. Alepho, Benjamin and Benson have all been taken away from their family and Dinkaland, and forced to be refugees of war. â€Å"Since my wandering began, there hasn’t been a day or night that I do not think back to my family, our people and lovely Dinkaland† (Deng 3). The boys have been taken away from their home and familiar way of life, to become refugees of the war. The boy’s loss of innocence is shown through every thought of family and home. They are so young and have been taken out of their familiar way of life to live a life of corruption and unfamiliarity. Through this we see how experience has a drastic effect on ones innocence, and we see through every experience the boy’s lose a touch of innocence. â€Å"When I sometimes have nightmares about all the things that happened when our peaceful village life turned to chaos, that feeling of not being able to move during my initiation still overcomes me† (Deng 10). This shows Alepho’s response to the war and when it finally arrived to their time. The memories of that day still haunt him, and overpower him with fear. One can say that this is the first time the boys innocence is lost and the last time we see his total state of innocence. This quote helps depict Alephos attitude and how much of a drastic affect it has on him. From their experiences, the boys lose their naivety and begin their world of maturity and responsibilities where they learn from experience, and ultimately make the transition from innocence to experience. In our society today events and cultural celebrations mark the coming of age such as birthdays, Sweet Six-teens, Graduation, and the ability to vote. Today age eighteen marks the beginning of adulthood where childhood becomes a thing of the past and society expects you to begin to take responsibility and show maturity in not only the choices you make, but also the actions you engage in. However as we can see in the novel They Poured Fire on Us From the Sky, Alepho, Benjamin, and Benson have all shown maturity through their experiences and consequently a loss of innocence. Through reading their stories and analyzing the text we can see how the boys experience in war, being a refugee, and their appreciation for the Dinkaland has forced them into the transition from innocence to experience, at such a young age. Ultimately we are shown that innocence and experience are directly related, with experience we lose innocence and with our innocence we are more vulnerable to experiences that will shape our lives. Both of these entities continuously overlap and often reoccur through out the life of an individual.