Issues in Caribbean Development

CARIBBEAN STUDIES MODULE dickens ISSUES IN CARIBBEAN DEVELOPMENT TOPIC THE desegregation MOVEMENT 1. The evolution of alliance, CARIFTA, CARICOM, OECS, ACS 2. The achievements and challenges of all trey of the following * Caribbean Community (Caricom) * University of the westbound Indies (UWI) * Caribbean Examinations Council (CXC) * west close Indies Cricket Board (WICB) * Caribbean Tourism organisation (CTO) * Caribbean Single foodstuff place and Economy (CSME) * regional Security System (RSS) A// The air jacket Indian federation (1958 1962) One of the head simoleons major attempts at regional integrating was the formation of the West Indian Federation of 1958.appendage States let ind * Antigua * Barbados * British Guiana * Dominica * Jamaica * Montserrat * St kitts/Nevis/Anguilla * St Vincent * St lucia * Trinidad and Tobago The federal government was headed by an Executive governor- public, ordained by Britain and included * A tiptop minister of religion, ele cted from among and by the phalluss of the House of Re set upatives * A footlocker, comprising the height Minister and ten former(a) elected instalments chosen by him * A Council of State presided over by the Governor General. The Council included the Prime Minister and Members of the Cabinet as well as trinity senators and three civil servants.The senators and civil servants were chosen by the Governor General. (The Council of State was the wiz policy (decision)-making body at the start of the Federation. In 1960 Britain agreed to abolish this Council and part with the Cabinet to take over the places of the Council) * A forty five-member House of Representatives, with Members elected from among the Territories and * A nineteen-member Senate, nominated by the Governor General following consultation with the Prime Minister The Governor General was Lord Hailes of Britain and the Prime Minister was Sir Grantley Adams, (Premier of Barbados).The national capital was situated i n Trinidad and Tobago. During its brief existence (1958-62), a number of fundamental issues were debated with a shot to build uping the Federation. Among these were study taxation by the national giving medication, Central formulation for ontogenesis, governing of a Regional Customs wedding and Reform of the Federal Constitution. The issue of direct taxation was peculiarly controversial. The Federation was not permitted to levy (impose) income tax for at least the first five years of its life.Added to this, were the greatly differing positions among the Territories with respect to how other federal taxes should be levied. In addition, the Federation began quickly to try on to establish federal institutions and accommodateing structures. It created a federal civil service open up the West Indies Shipping Service (in 1962) to affiance two multipurpose ships the Federal Maple and the Federal Palm donated to it by the Government of Canada.It had embarked in any case on n egotiations to acquire the subsidiary of the British Overseas Airways Corporation (BOAC), namely British West Indies Airways (BWIA). Co surgery in tertiary statement was consolidated and expanded during this period. The then University College of the West Indies (UCWI), which was naturalised in 1948 with unrivalled campus at Mona, Jamaica, opened its second campus at St Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago, in 1960. The Federation however faced some(prenominal) problems.These included the governance and administrative structures obligate by the British dis symmetricalnesss among the territories over policies, particularly with respect to taxation and central planning an unwillingness on the part of most Territorial Governments to give up power to the Federal Government and the location of the Federal Capital. The decisive cultivation, which led to the demise of the Federation was the involveal of Jamaica the largest member after conducting a national referendum in 1961 on its go on participation in the arrangement.The results of the referendum showed majority support in favour of withdrawing from the Federation. This was to lead to a movement within Jamaica for national independency from Britain. It also led to the now storied statement of Dr Eric Williams, the then Premier of Trinidad and Tobago that, one from ten leaves nought, referring to the withdrawal of Jamaica and signifying and justifying his decision to withdraw Trinidad and Tobago from the Federal arrangement a shortly while later. The Federation collapsed in January 1962.AIMS AND OBJECTIVES 1. To strengthen the movement for self government 2. To grow economic development 3. To safeguard the elected system of government vis a vis totalitarianism and communism ACHIEVEMENTS 1. Federation facilitated the movement from colonialism to independence by a united vocalism 2. The coming together of small states strengthened their effectiveness in dealing with world-wide bodies such as the Unit ed Nations REASONS FOR sorrow 1. The masses were not educated on the importance of Federation 2.Communication among the islands including shipping, telephone and postal services was inefficient 3. Envy and greedily among member states from their varying levels of economic prosperity 4. Distrust by the smaller states of the bigger members (Trinidad and Tobago, Jamaica) proposal to prematurely change the formation of the Federation B//CARIFTA (1968 1973) The Caribbean renounce spate knowledge (CARIFTA) was founded by Antigua and Barbuda, Barbados, Guyana, and Trinidad and Tobago on 15 December 1965, with the signing of the Dickenson Bay organization (the Agreement establishing theCaribbean Free Trade Association). They were conjugated on 1 July, 1968 by Dominica, Grenada, St Kitts-Nevis-Anguilla, reverence Lucia and St Vincent and the Grenadines and on 1 August, 1968 by Montserrat and Jamaica. In 1971 Belize (then British Honduras) joined the Association. These Caribbean co untries had recently r individually free-living, and CARIFTA was intended to unite their economies and to give them a joint presence on the international scene.Specifically, CARIFTA was intended to encourage balanced development of the Region by increasing swap buying and selling more goods among the Member States diversifying backup expanding the variety of goods and services acquirable for trade liberalising trade removing tariffs and quotas on goods produced and traded within the area ensuring fair competition conniption up rules for all members to follow to protect the smaller enterprises In addition to providing for stop trade, the Agreement sought to ensure that the benefits of gratuitous trade were equitably distributed promote industrial development in the LDCs promote the development of the coconut industry (through an Oils and Fats Agreement) which was significant in many of the LDCs rationalise agri pagan deed but in the interim, facilitate the ma rketing of selected agricultural products of particular interest to the LDCs (through the awkward Marketing Protocol) and provide a chronic period to phase out usage duty on certain products which were more important for the revenue of the LDCs In 1972, population Caribbean leaders at the Seventh Heads of Government Conference decided to transform the Caribbean Free Trade Association (CARIFTA) into a car park Market and establish the Caribbean Community, of which the Common Market would be an integral part. The signing of the accordance establishing the Caribbean Community, Chaguaramas, 4th July 1973, was a defining turn in the history of the Commonwealth Caribbean. Although a let go of-trade area had been established, CARIFTA did not provide for the free movement of labour and capital, or the coordination of agricultural, industrial and extraneous policies.The objectives of the Community, identified in name 6 of the Revised Treaty, are to remediate standards of living an d work the full workout of labour and other factors of production accelerated, integrated and sustained economic development and crossing expansion of trade and economic transaction with third States enhanced levels of international combat organisation for increased production and productiveness achievement of a greater tax of economic leverage and effectiveness of Member States in dealing with third States, groups of States and entities of any description and the enhanced co-ordination of Member States foreign and foreign economic policies and enhanced practicable co-operation. In 1973, CARIFTA became the Caribbean Community (CARICOM). C//CARICOM The agreement giving birth to the Caribbean Community and frequent Market (CARICOM) was signed on July 4, 1973 at Chaguaramas in Trinidad and Tobago. Effective operation of Caricom began on August 1, 1973. Main objectives include 1.To break the economic development of member states through the introduction of free trade. 2. Co ope ration among member countries in the areas of shipping, air transport, meteorological services, health, education, culture etc.. 3. To establish jet policies in dealing with non-member states and transnational corporations D//OECS brass section of Eastern Caribbean States The organization of Eastern Caribbean states (OECS) was established on June 18, 1981 with the signing of a accordance among the following countries 1. Antigua and Barbuda 2. Dominica 3. Grenada 4. Montserrat 5. St Kitts/Nevis 6. St Lucia 7. St Vincent and the Grenadines Objectives 1.To promote development by the formation of a park market among member states 2. To deal more effectively with international bodies by forming a common foreign policy 3. To assist each other in defending and maintaining governmental independence OECS member states have a common Eastern Caribbean Currency, they all drop dead to the Lesser Antilles, they are all small, independent states, share common strategies for development, a common Central Bank, a common senior high school Court and a Joint parentage exchange. ACS Association of Caribbean States The association of Caribbean States is an orgsanisation which at present consists of 25 Member states, 3 buster members and 14 countries with observer status. ObjectivesThe ACS was inaugurated on July 02, 1995 with its administrative office in POS, Trinidad. The main objectives of the Association relate to cooperation, discussion and action prima(p) to the sustainable development of the entire Caribbean region. These include 1. Incorporating the collective human and physical resources of the Caribbean for economic, social, cultural and technological advancement 2. Maximizing the capableness of the Caribbean Sea by working with member states and other organizations 3. To encourage increased trade and investment opportunities through cooperation 4. To provide modernistic and improved measures to promote the cultural identities of its members.